| <imgsrc="uploads/af3c510c96a81516ac7267b72ec8045e/Workflow_Logo.png"alt="BMBF"width="200"/> |Project in the Initiative [MaterialDigital](https://materialdigital.de/) funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ([BMBF](https://www.bmbf.de/)). |<imgsrc="uploads/fd7534c5de60f985a08027bf7373cbe0/internet_in_farbe_en.jpg"alt="BMBF"width="250"/> |
| <imgsrc="uploads/af3c510c96a81516ac7267b72ec8045e/Workflow_Logo.png"alt="BMBF"width="200"/> |Project in the Initiative [MaterialDigital](https://materialdigital.de/) funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ([BMBF](https://www.bmbf.de/)). |<imgsrc="uploads/fd7534c5de60f985a08027bf7373cbe0/internet_in_farbe_en.jpg"alt="BMBF"width="250"/> |
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Funding Code: 13XP5121
Funding Code: 13XP5121
## General Information About The Project
## General Information About The Project
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@@ -36,13 +37,13 @@ The workflow comprises of four Notebooks plus an additional Notebook for scripti
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@@ -36,13 +37,13 @@ The workflow comprises of four Notebooks plus an additional Notebook for scripti
An exemplary screenshot from the workflow (Notebook 2) is given below.
An exemplary screenshot from the workflow (Notebook 2) is given below.
<imgsrc="uploads/d296a1b0f79ac57e9e7d44788b96d091/Workflow_SW_Demonstrator.png"alt="Workflow of the SensoTwin Software Demonstrator"width="500"/>
Simulations are carried out on the micro-, meso- and macroscale. The inputs for the simulations are defined:
Simulations are carried out on the micro-, meso- and macroscale. The inputs for the simulations are defined:
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@@ -75,15 +76,13 @@ See <em> M. Luger, A. Seidel, U. Pähler, S. Schröck, P. Hofmann, S. Kölbl, K.
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@@ -75,15 +76,13 @@ See <em> M. Luger, A. Seidel, U. Pähler, S. Schröck, P. Hofmann, S. Kölbl, K.
Both micro- and meso-scale models are based on established models from the literature. The effective stiffness, e.g., is determined by the Chamis homogenization method [[Chamis, 1984](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19880008360)] and has been validated, e.g., by R. Younes et al. [[Younes et al., 2012](https://doi.org/10.5772/50362)]. Comparisons of residual stresses calculated with the applied model with curing simulations based on Finite Element formulations show that the outcoming stresses are in comparable ranges. The proposed micro-scale model used in this workflow results in stresses of approximately 50% above the FE solution. Further validation are still to be carried out.
Both micro- and meso-scale models are based on established models from the literature. The effective stiffness, e.g., is determined by the Chamis homogenization method [[Chamis, 1984](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19880008360)] and has been validated, e.g., by R. Younes et al. [[Younes et al., 2012](https://doi.org/10.5772/50362)]. Comparisons of residual stresses calculated with the applied model with curing simulations based on Finite Element formulations show that the outcoming stresses are in comparable ranges. The proposed micro-scale model used in this workflow results in stresses of approximately 50% above the FE solution. Further validation are still to be carried out.
<imgsrc="uploads/56e919e1886aa2b97425450fb0d102f6/VAL_lug.png"alt="Comparison of residual stresses. Left: obtained from FEA, right obtained from the porposed micro scale model."width="500"/>
#### Operational Structure Simulation
#### Operational Structure Simulation
A comparison of the calculated Fatigue Damage Parameter $D$ between this workflow and results from the SNL report [[Resor, 2013](https://doi.org/10.2172/1095962)] and a DTU report [[Castro et al., 2015](https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/comparing-fatigue-life-estimations-of-composite-wind-turbine-blad)] are given for the material <em> SNL (Triax) </em> and <em> E-LT-5500 (UD) </em>. The comparison is carried out at an operational wind speed $v_{wind} = 11.4\ \mathrm{m}/{s}$ (rated wind speed) and a duration $t_{operation} = 20\ \mathrm{years}$ to give a qualitative comparison. The rotor blade does not posess residual stresses or defects from previous steps. For <em> SNL (Triax) </em>, it has to be emphasized that [Resor, 2013] and [Castro et al., 2015] use a smeared material description (all three layer orientations in a single material), whereas this workflow uses a single layer for each orientation. Due to a localisation at the trailing edge (TE), single elements in this region of <em> SNL (Triax) </em> show significantly higher values for $D$. For this reason, a second data series neglecting these elements is provided (denoted <em> no TE </em>).
A comparison of the calculated Fatigue Damage Parameter $D$ between this workflow and results from the SNL report [[Resor, 2013](https://doi.org/10.2172/1095962)] and a DTU report [[Castro et al., 2015](https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/comparing-fatigue-life-estimations-of-composite-wind-turbine-blad)] are given for the material <em> SNL (Triax) </em> and <em> E-LT-5500 (UD) </em>. The comparison is carried out at an operational wind speed $v_{wind} = 11.4\ \mathrm{m}/{s}$ (rated wind speed) and a duration $t_{operation} = 20\ \mathrm{years}$ to give a qualitative comparison. The rotor blade does not posess residual stresses or defects from previous steps. For <em> SNL (Triax) </em>, it has to be emphasized that [Resor, 2013] and [Castro et al., 2015] use a smeared material description (all three layer orientations in a single material), whereas this workflow uses a single layer for each orientation. Due to a localisation at the trailing edge (TE), single elements in this region of <em> SNL (Triax) </em> show significantly higher values for $D$. For this reason, a second data series neglecting these elements is provided (denoted <em> no TE </em>).
