| <imgsrc="uploads/af3c510c96a81516ac7267b72ec8045e/Workflow_Logo.png"alt="BMBF"width="200"/> |Project in the Initiative [MaterialDigital](https://materialdigital.de/) funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ([BMBF](https://www.bmbf.de/)). |<imgsrc="uploads/fd7534c5de60f985a08027bf7373cbe0/internet_in_farbe_en.jpg"alt="BMBF"width="250"/> |
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Funding Code: 13XP5121
## General Information About The Project
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An exemplary screenshot from the workflow (Notebook 2) is given below.
<imgsrc="uploads/d296a1b0f79ac57e9e7d44788b96d091/Workflow_SW_Demonstrator.png"alt="Workflow of the SensoTwin Software Demonstrator"width="500"/>
Simulations are carried out on the micro-, meso- and macroscale. The inputs for the simulations are defined:
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Both micro- and meso-scale models are based on established models from the literature. The effective stiffness, e.g., is determined by the Chamis homogenization method [[Chamis, 1984](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19880008360)] and has been validated, e.g., by R. Younes et al. [[Younes et al., 2012](https://doi.org/10.5772/50362)]. Comparisons of residual stresses calculated with the applied model with curing simulations based on Finite Element formulations show that the outcoming stresses are in comparable ranges. The proposed micro-scale model used in this workflow results in stresses of approximately 50% above the FE solution. Further validation are still to be carried out.
<imgsrc="uploads/56e919e1886aa2b97425450fb0d102f6/VAL_lug.png"alt="Comparison of residual stresses. Left: obtained from FEA, right obtained from the porposed micro scale model."width="500"/>
#### Operational Structure Simulation
A comparison of the calculated Fatigue Damage Parameter $D$ between this workflow and results from the SNL report [[Resor, 2013](https://doi.org/10.2172/1095962)] and a DTU report [[Castro et al., 2015](https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/comparing-fatigue-life-estimations-of-composite-wind-turbine-blad)] are given for the material <em> SNL (Triax) </em> and <em> E-LT-5500 (UD) </em>. The comparison is carried out at an operational wind speed $v_{wind} = 11.4\ \mathrm{m}/{s}$ (rated wind speed) and a duration $t_{operation} = 20\ \mathrm{years}$ to give a qualitative comparison. The rotor blade does not posess residual stresses or defects from previous steps. For <em> SNL (Triax) </em>, it has to be emphasized that [Resor, 2013] and [Castro et al., 2015] use a smeared material description (all three layer orientations in a single material), whereas this workflow uses a single layer for each orientation. Due to a localisation at the trailing edge (TE), single elements in this region of <em> SNL (Triax) </em> show significantly higher values for $D$. For this reason, a second data series neglecting these elements is provided (denoted <em> no TE </em>).
