| ... | @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Within the project, a **structural digital twin of a wind turbine rotor blade** |
... | @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Within the project, a **structural digital twin of a wind turbine rotor blade** |
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### ⚠ Disclaimer ⚠
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### ⚠ Disclaimer ⚠
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This workflow shall illustrate the interplay of different physics-based simulations (process and structural simulations) with an ontology and its depending knowledge graph in the domain of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) structures. It is the result of the project SensoTwin. To showcase its feasibility and to ensure an easy installation, this workflow solely uses open source software. **The workflow is provided as-is and might still contain bugs.** Tests showed that results are qualitatively feasible but further investigations and more thorough validations are necessary in the future. An extended version of this workflow using more advanced software packages as well as proprietary software exists at the below mentioned institutes. For a full description of the software demonstrator see M. Luger, A. Seidel, U. Pähler, S. Schröck, P. Hofmann, S. Kölbl, K. Drechsler. <em> An Ontology-Augmented Digital Twin for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structures at the Example of Wind Turbine Rotor Blades. </em> Advanced Engineering Materials. 2024.
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This workflow shall illustrate the interplay of different physics-based simulations (process and structural simulations) with an ontology and its depending knowledge graph in the domain of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) structures. It is the result of the project SensoTwin. To showcase its feasibility and to ensure an easy installation, this workflow solely uses open source software. **The workflow is provided as-is and might still contain bugs.** Tests showed that results are qualitatively feasible but further investigations and more thorough validations are necessary in the future. An extended version of this workflow using more advanced software packages as well as proprietary software exists at the below mentioned institutes. For a full description of the software demonstrator see M. Luger, A. Seidel, U. Pähler, S. Schröck, P. Hofmann, S. Kölbl, K. Drechsler. <em> An Ontology-Augmented Digital Twin for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structures at the Example of Wind Turbine Rotor Blades. </em> Adv. Eng. Mater. 2401437.
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### Implented Wind Turbine Model
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### Implented Wind Turbine Model
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| ... | @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Simulations are carried out on the micro-, meso- and macroscale. The inputs for |
... | @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Simulations are carried out on the micro-, meso- and macroscale. The inputs for |
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The manufacturing process simulation uses user-provided input (Notebook 1 and 2). It calculates the development of mechanical properties of the thermoset matrix material during the curing process and the resulting residual stresses. To overcome vast numerical expenses during the determination of the aforementioned material characteristics a numerically efficient multiscale model has been developed based on the inter-fibre strain magnification model by Schürmann [[Schürmann, 2007](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72190-1)] representing the micro-scale, and the mosaic model by Ishikawa and Chou [[Ishikawa and Chou, 1982](https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01203485)] representing the meso-scale. Departing from the prediction of the curing behaviour, the mentioned micro-scale model is extended to include the resin shrinking behaviour to assess the residual resin stresses between individual fibres and, moreover, the elastic properties of the tows. Subsequent application of micro-scale results onto the meso-scale models yields the effective elastic properties of the individual layers based on the user input of curing temperature curves and the aimed-for global fibre-volume-ratio. Once all required materials have been processed by the two smaller scales' models, all occurring layers of the entire individual rotor blade are defined, in terms of effective elastic properties and residual stresses.
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The manufacturing process simulation uses user-provided input (Notebook 1 and 2). It calculates the development of mechanical properties of the thermoset matrix material during the curing process and the resulting residual stresses. To overcome vast numerical expenses during the determination of the aforementioned material characteristics a numerically efficient multiscale model has been developed based on the inter-fibre strain magnification model by Schürmann [[Schürmann, 2007](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72190-1)] representing the micro-scale, and the mosaic model by Ishikawa and Chou [[Ishikawa and Chou, 1982](https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01203485)] representing the meso-scale. Departing from the prediction of the curing behaviour, the mentioned micro-scale model is extended to include the resin shrinking behaviour to assess the residual resin stresses between individual fibres and, moreover, the elastic properties of the tows. Subsequent application of micro-scale results onto the meso-scale models yields the effective elastic properties of the individual layers based on the user input of curing temperature curves and the aimed-for global fibre-volume-ratio. Once all required materials have been processed by the two smaller scales' models, all occurring layers of the entire individual rotor blade are defined, in terms of effective elastic properties and residual stresses.
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See <em> M. Luger, A. Seidel, U. Pähler, S. Schröck, P. Hofmann, S. Kölbl, K. Drechsler. <em> An Ontology-Augmented Digital Twin for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structures at the Example of Wind Turbine Rotor Blades. </em> Advanced Engineering Materials. 2024. </em> for further information.
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See <em> M. Luger, A. Seidel, U. Pähler, S. Schröck, P. Hofmann, S. Kölbl, K. Drechsler. <em> An Ontology-Augmented Digital Twin for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structures at the Example of Wind Turbine Rotor Blades. </em> Adv. Eng. Mater. 2401437 </em> for further information.
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#### Operational Structure Simulation
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#### Operational Structure Simulation
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| ... | @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ To calculate the stresses at each revolution, five simulations are carried out a |
... | @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ To calculate the stresses at each revolution, five simulations are carried out a |
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1. a simulation with aerodynamic and centrifugal forces and
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1. a simulation with aerodynamic and centrifugal forces and
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2. four simulations with gravity forces at an azimuthal angle $\Theta=0^{\circ}, 90^{\circ}, 180^{\circ}, 270^{\circ}$.
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2. four simulations with gravity forces at an azimuthal angle $\Theta=0^{\circ}, 90^{\circ}, 180^{\circ}, 270^{\circ}$.
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See <em> M. Luger, A. Seidel, U. Pähler, S. Schröck, P. Hofmann, S. Kölbl, K. Drechsler. <em> An Ontology-Augmented Digital Twin for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structures at the Example of Wind Turbine Rotor Blades. </em> Advanced Engineering Materials. 2024. </em> for further information.
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See <em> M. Luger, A. Seidel, U. Pähler, S. Schröck, P. Hofmann, S. Kölbl, K. Drechsler. <em> An Ontology-Augmented Digital Twin for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structures at the Example of Wind Turbine Rotor Blades. </em> Adv. Eng. Mater. 2401437 </em> for further information.
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⚠ NOTE: Using a constant wind speed results in fatigue only in the edge-wise direction (driven by gravity). Flap-wise fatigue (driven by aerodynamic variations) is not considered with this approach and thus leads to unrealistic values for materials dominantly loaded under flap-wise deflection like the spar caps. An extended version of this workflow allowing to use historic wind data by utilising the Rainflow counting method and taking additional effects like tower shadow into account exists at the below mentioned institutes.
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⚠ NOTE: Using a constant wind speed results in fatigue only in the edge-wise direction (driven by gravity). Flap-wise fatigue (driven by aerodynamic variations) is not considered with this approach and thus leads to unrealistic values for materials dominantly loaded under flap-wise deflection like the spar caps. An extended version of this workflow allowing to use historic wind data by utilising the Rainflow counting method and taking additional effects like tower shadow into account exists at the below mentioned institutes.
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| ... | @@ -90,7 +90,9 @@ A comparison of the calculated Fatigue Damage Parameter $D$ between this workflo |
... | @@ -90,7 +90,9 @@ A comparison of the calculated Fatigue Damage Parameter $D$ between this workflo |
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## Related Publications
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## Related Publications
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Additional information can be found in the following journal papers:
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Additional information can be found in the following journal papers:
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* (under revision) M. Luger, A. Seidel, U. Pähler, S. Schröck, P. Hofmann, S. Kölbl, K. Drechsler. <em> An Ontology-Augmented Digital Twin for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structures at the Example of Wind Turbine Rotor Blades. </em> Advanced Engineering Materials. 2024.
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* Luger, M., Seidel, A., Pähler, U., Schröck, S., Hofmann, P., Kölbl, S. and Drechsler, K. (2025), An Ontology-Augmented Digital Twin for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structures at the Example of Wind Turbine Rotor Blades. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2401437. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202401437
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* Bekemeier, S., Caldeira Rêgo, C.R., Mai, H.L., Saikia, U., Waseda, O., Apel, M., Arendt, F., Aschemann, A., Bayerlein, B., Courant, R., Dziwis, G., Fuchs, F., Giese, U., Junghanns, K., Kamal, M., Koschmieder, L., Leineweber, S., Luger, M., Lukas, M., Maas, J., Mertens, J., Mieller, B., Overmeyer, L., Pirch, N., Reimann, J., Schröck, S., Schulze, P., Schuster, J., Seidel, A., Shchyglo, O., Sierka, M., Silze, F., Stier, S., Tegeler, M., Unger, J.F., Weber, M., Hickel, T. and Schaarschmidt, J. (2025), Advancing Digital Transformation in Material Science: The Role of Workflows Within the MaterialDigital Initiative. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2402149. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202402149
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* Bayerlein, B., Waitelonis, J., Birkholz, H., Jung, M., Schilling, M., v. Hartrott, P., Bruns, M., Schaarschmidt, J., Beilke, K., Mutz, M., Nebel, V., Königer, V., Beran, L., Kraus, T., Vyas, A., Vogt, L., Blum, M., Ell, B., Chen, Y.-F., Waurischk, T., Thomas, A., Durmaz, A.R., Ben Hassine, S., Fresemann, C., Dziwis, G., Beygi Nasrabadi, H., Hanke, T., Telong, M., Pirskawetz, S., Kamal, M., Bjarsch, T., Pähler, U., Hofmann, P., Leemhuis, M., Özçep, Ö.L., Meyer, L.-P., Skrotzki, B., Neugebauer, J., Wenzel, W., Sack, H., Eberl, C., Portella, P.D., Hickel, T., Mädler, L. and Gumbsch, P. (2024), Concepts for a Semantically Accessible Materials Data Space: Overview over Specific Implementations in Materials Science. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2401092. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202401092
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## Contact
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## Contact
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